Syllabus

🔹 Unit I – Mendelian Genetics I

Hours: 8 | Marks: 8

1.1 Development of Genetics

Father of Genetics:

🧬 Gregor Mendel (1865)

Modern Genetics includes:

• DNA

• Chromosomes

• Genes

1.2 Genetic Terminology

1.3 Monohybrid Cross

Cross involving one character

Example:

Tall (T) × Dwarf (t)

Mendel’s Laws:

Law of Dominance

Dominant trait expressed

Law of Segregation

Alleles separate during gamete formation

1.4 Dihybrid Cross

Cross involving two traits

Example:

Seed shape and color

Law of Independent Assortment

Genes inherited independently

1.5 Multiple Alleles

Example:

ABO Blood Group

Alleles:

IA, IB, i

Rh Factor

Rh+ and Rh–

🔹 Unit II – Mendelian Genetics II

Hours: 8 | Marks: 8

2.1 Types of Dominance

Complete Dominance

Example:

Tall plant

Incomplete Dominance

Example:

Pink flower

Codominance

Example:

AB Blood group

2.2 Sex Linkage

X-linked Traits

Examples:

• Colour blindness

• Hemophilia

Y-linked Traits

Example:

Hairy ear

2.3 Sex Determination

Systems:

Genetic Balance Theory

Sex depends on gene ratio

Environmental Sex Determination

Example:

Reptiles

2.4 Dosage Compensation

Lyon Hypothesis

One X chromosome inactive

X-inactivation

Barr body formation

🔹 Unit III – Gene Mutation

Hours: 7 | Marks: 7

Definition:

Permanent change in DNA sequence

3.1 Types of Gene Mutation

Point Mutation

Single base change

Frameshift Mutation

Insertion or deletion

Silent Mutation

No effect

Missense Mutation

Change in amino acid

3.2 Mutation Types

Morphological mutation

Nutritional mutation

Lethal mutation

3.3 Causes of Mutation

Radiation

Chemicals

DNA replication errors

3.4 Effects of Mutation

Structural change

Functional change

Lethal effect

🔹 Unit IV – Human Genetics

Hours: 7 | Marks: 7

4.1 Human Chromosomes

Total chromosomes:

46

Structure:

• Centromere

• Chromatid

Banding Techniques

Used in karyotyping

4.2 Karyotype

Definition:

Chromosome arrangement

4.3 Chromosome Types

22 pairs autosomes

1 pair sex chromosome

4.4 Sex Chromosome Disorders

Turner Syndrome

XO

Female

Klinefelter Syndrome

XXY

Male

4.5 Autosomal Disorders

Down Syndrome

Trisomy 21

Patau Syndrome

Trisomy 13

Edward Syndrome

Trisomy 18

 To enable the students, understand history of Mendelian genetics and Mendelian inheritance.

 To learn the concepts of Linkage.

 To understand the concept of sex determination and sex linked inheritance.

 To understand Human Genetic