Syllabus

🔹 Unit I – Plant Propagation Methods

Hours: 8 | Marks: 8

1.1 Seed Propagation

बीजाद्वारे प्रजनन

Meaning:

Seed पासून नवीन वनस्पती तयार होणे

Examples:

• Wheat

• Rice

Limitations:

• Slow growth

• Genetic variation

• Disease transmission

1.2 Vegetative Propagation Methods

शाकीय प्रजनन

Types:

Bulbs

Example: Onion

Runners

Example: Grass

Rhizomes

Example: Ginger

Suckers

Example: Banana

1.3 Propagation Media

प्रजनन माध्यम

Natural Media:

• Soil

• Sand

Artificial Media:

• Agar

• Nutrient medium

1.4 Micropropagation (Plant Tissue Culture)

Meaning:

Lab मध्ये plant tissue पासून plant तयार करणे

Economic Importance:

• Disease-free plants

• Fast multiplication

• Commercial production

Example:

• Banana

• Orchid

🔹 Unit II – Plant Growth and Development

Hours: 7 | Marks: 7

2.1 Plant Growth

Types:

Vegetative Growth:

• Leaf

• Stem

Reproductive Growth:

• Flower

• Fruit

2.2 Apical Meristem

Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM)

Function:

Shoot growth

Root Apical Meristem (RAM)

Function:

Root growth

2.3 Vegetative to Reproductive Phase Change

Example:

Plant → Flower

2.4 Stress Physiology

Stress factors:

• Temperature

• Salinity

• Water stress

Effects:

• Reduced growth

🔹 Unit III – Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Hours: 8 | Marks: 8

3.1 Sexual Reproduction

Process:

Fusion of male and female gametes

3.2 Male and Female Gametophyte

Male: Pollen Grain

Function:

Male gamete production

Female: Embryo Sac

Function:

Female gamete production

3.3 Double Fertilization

Unique feature of Angiosperms

Triple Fusion

Forms Endosperm

3.4 Post Fertilization Development

Formation of:

• Seed

• Fruit

Parthenocarpy

Fruit formation without fertilization

Example:

Banana

🔹 Unit IV – Plant Growth Assessment

Hours: 7 | Marks: 7

4.1 Growth Measurement Techniques

Methods:

• Plant height measurement

• Biomass measurement

• Leaf area measurement

4.2 Plant Breeding

Purpose:

Improve plant yield

Example:

Hybrid crops

4.3 Advanced Growth Methods

Greenhouse

Controlled environment

Polyhouse

Plastic covered house

Hydroponics

Plant growth without soil

4.4 Factors Affecting Growth

Environmental Factors:

• Light

• Temperature

Disease Causing Organisms:

Example:

Fungal disease

Local Case Study Example (Vidarbha)

Cotton disease:

• Wilt disease

 Identify and differentiate natural and artificial methods of plant propagation and

their limitations.

 Explain the role of plant growth regulators, photoperiodism, and vernalization in

plant growth and development.

 Apply various methods of measuring plant growth such as height, biomass, and

growth index.

 Analyze the role of environmental factors, diseases, and stress conditions affecting

plant growth.

 Evaluate the importance of plant breeding, tissue culture, and advanced growth

methods in increasing plant productivity.

 Design and formulate plant growth assessments through case studies, growth

measurement experiments, and practical demonstrations.

 Investigate the importance of greenhouses, polyhouses, and hydroponics in

advanced plant growth.

 Develop practical skills in plant propagation, growth measurement, and plant

breeding techniques.

 Implement advanced growth methods and develop solutions to counter plant

stress and diseases.