Syllabus

🔹 Unit I – Cell and Cellular Organelles

Hours: 07 | Marks: 07

1.1 The Cell

Topics:

Historical Background (इतिहास)

Important Scientists:

• Robert Hooke (1665) – Discovery of Cell

• Schleiden & Schwann – Cell Theory

• Rudolf Virchow – "Omnis cellula e cellula"

Cell Theory

Main Points:

• Cell is basic unit of life

• All living organisms made of cells

• Cell arises from pre-existing cell

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cell

1.2 Cell Organelles

Nucleus

Function:

• Control center

• Contains DNA

Ribosomes

Function:

• Protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Types:

• Rough ER – Protein synthesis

• Smooth ER – Lipid synthesis

Golgi Complex

Function:

• Packaging and transport

1.3 Mitochondria and Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Function:

• ATP production

Contains:

• mtDNA

Chloroplast

Function:

• Photosynthesis

Contains:

• cpDNA

1.4 Cytoskeleton

Types:

• Microfilaments

• Microtubules

• Intermediate filaments

Function:

• Cell shape

🔹 Unit II – Cytogenetics

Hours: 08 | Marks: 08

2.1 Structure and Types of Chromosomes

Parts:

• Centromere

• Chromatid

Types:

• Metacentric

• Submetacentric

• Acrocentric

• Telocentric

2.2 Cell Cycle

Phases:

• Interphase

• Mitosis

• Meiosis

Importance:

• Growth

• Reproduction

2.3 Structural Chromosomal Aberrations

Types:

• Deletion

• Duplication

• Inversion

• Translocation

2.4 Numerical Aberrations

Euploidy

Examples:

• Triploidy

• Tetraploidy

Aneuploidy

Examples:

• Monosomy

• Trisomy

🔹 Unit III – Genetic Material

Hours: 08 | Marks: 08

3.1 DNA as Genetic Material

Experiments:

• Griffith Experiment

• Hershey and Chase Experiment

3.2 Structure of DNA

Model:

• Watson and Crick Model

Structure:

• Double Helix

3.3 DNA Replication

Type:

• Semi-conservative

3.4 Transposons

Types:

• IS Elements

• Retrotransposons

Example:

• Ac-Ds system (Maize)

🔹 Unit IV – Gene Expression and Regulation

Hours: 07 | Marks: 07

4.1 Central Dogma

Flow:

DNA → RNA → Protein

4.2 Transcription

Process:

DNA → RNA

Types of RNA:

• mRNA

• tRNA

• rRNA

4.3 Genetic Code and Translation

Protein synthesis process

4.4 Gene Regulation

Example:

Lac Operon

Function:

Control gene expression

 Understand the structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

 Describe the structure and function of cell organelles and semi-autonomous

organelles.

 Explain the structure and classification of chromosomes and phases of the cell

cycle.

 Analyze chromosomal aberrations and their biological significance.

 Justify DNA as the genetic material and explain its structure and replication.

 Describe transcription, translation, and gene regulation in prokaryotes.