Syllabus

🔹 Unit I – Ionic and Covalent Bonding

Hours: 8 | Marks: 8

A) Ionic Bond (आयनिक बंध)

Definition:

Electron transfer द्वारे तयार होणारा bond

Example:

NaCl

Factors affecting ionic bond formation:

1) Ionization Energy

Electron काढण्यासाठी लागणारी energy

2) Electron Affinity

Electron स्वीकारण्याची क्षमता

3) Lattice Energy

Crystal formation energy

Born–Haber Cycle

Purpose:

Lattice energy calculate करण्यासाठी

B) Covalent Bond (सहसंयुज बंध)

Directional Nature

Specific direction मध्ये bond तयार होतो

Valence Bond Theory (VBT)

Bond formation due to orbital overlap

Limitations of VBT

Cannot explain:

• Magnetic properties

Hybridization

Definition:

Mixing of orbitals

Types with Examples:

🔹 Unit II – Mole Concept and Volumetric Analysis

Hours: 7 | Marks: 7

A) Mole Concept

Definition:

1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ particles

Avogadro Law:

Equal volume contains equal molecules

Terms:

Atomic Mass

Molar Mass

Concentration Terms:

Molarity (M)

Molality (m)

Normality (N)

Mole fraction

Numericals Included

B) Volumetric Analysis

Important Terms:

Titrant

Titrate

Indicator

End point

Standard Solution

Primary Standard Substance

Example:

Na₂CO₃

🔹 Unit III – Organic Chemistry

Hours: 8 | Marks: 8

A) Alkyl Halides

Preparation and reactions

Example:

Ethyl bromide

B) Aryl Halides

Preparation from diazonium salts

Benzyne mechanism

C) Alcohols

Example:

Ethyl alcohol

D) Phenols

Important Reactions:

Reimer–Tiemann Reaction

Kolbe Reaction

Fries Rearrangement

Claisen Rearrangement

E) Ethers

Williamson Synthesis

Reaction with HI

🔹 Unit IV – Stereochemistry

Hours: 7 | Marks: 7

A) Optical Isomerism

Terms:

Chiral carbon

Enantiomers

Diastereomers

Meso compounds

Configuration:

D / L system

R / S system

B) Geometrical Isomerism

Types:

Cis – Trans

E – Z system

C) Conformational Isomerism

Projection:

Newman projection

Sawhorse projection

Conformations:

Ethane

Butane

1. Describe Born-Haber’s cycle.

2. Predict molecular geometries using hybridization

3. Define the mole in terms of mass, volume, and number of particles.

4. Solve problems on concentrations (molarity, normality, molality, mole fraction).

5. Explain the requirements for standard solutions and primary standard substances.

6. Compare the reactivity of halogenated hydrocarbons.

7. Write the mechanisms of SN reactions.

8. Design syntheses of organic molecules containing C-X, and C-O bonds.

9. Differentiate between enantiomers and diastereomers.

10. Assign configurations to the stereoisomers.