Syllabus

🔹 Unit I – Chemistry of Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Hours: 8 | Marks: 8

A) Alkyl Halides (अल्किल हॅलाइड)

Methods of Preparation:

• From alcohol (ROH → RX)

• From alkanes

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions:

Types:

SN1 Reaction

Features:

• Two-step reaction

• Carbocation intermediate

• Example: Tertiary alkyl halide

SN2 Reaction

Features:

• One-step reaction

• Backside attack

• Inversion of configuration

SNi Reaction

Example:

• Alcohol to alkyl chloride using SOCl₂

Substitution vs Elimination

Substitution:

RX → ROH

Elimination:

RX → Alkene

B) Aryl Halides

Preparation:

From Diazonium salts:

Example:

Sandmeyer reaction

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution:

Types:

• SNAr Mechanism

• Benzyne Mechanism

Relative Reactivity:

Order:

Allyl > Benzyl > Alkyl > Aryl

🔹 Unit II – Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers and Epoxides

Hours: 7 | Marks: 7

A) Alcohols

Types:

• Primary (1°)

• Secondary (2°)

• Tertiary (3°)

Bouveault-Blanc Reduction

Ester → Alcohol

Glycols

Reaction:

Pinacol → Pinacolone rearrangement

B) Phenols

Important Reactions:

Reimer–Tiemann Reaction

Kolbe–Schmidt Reaction

Fries Rearrangement

Claisen Rearrangement

C) Ethers

Preparation:

Williamson Ether Synthesis

Reaction:

Ether + HI → Alcohol + Alkyl halide

D) Epoxides

Reactions with:

• Alcohol

• Ammonia

• LiAlH4

🔹 Unit III – Carbonyl Compounds

Hours: 8 | Marks: 8

Structure and Reactivity

Examples:

• Aldehyde

• Ketone

Important Reactions:

Aldol Condensation

Benzoin Condensation

Cannizzaro Reaction

Wittig Reaction

Haloform Reaction

Baeyer Villiger Oxidation

Reduction Reactions:

Reagents:

• LiAlH4

• NaBH4

• Clemmensen Reduction

• Wolff Kishner Reduction

Michael Addition

Keto-enol Tautomerism

Active Methylene Compounds:

Examples:

• Diethyl malonate

• Ethyl acetoacetate

🔹 Unit IV – Basic Stereochemistry

Hours: 7 | Marks: 7

A) Optical Isomerism

Meaning:

Same structure but different spatial arrangement

Terms:

• Chirality

• Enantiomers

• Diastereomers

• Meso compounds

Configuration:

• D and L system

• R and S system

B) Geometrical Isomerism

Types:

• Cis

• Trans

• E-Z system

C) Conformational Isomerism

Projection Formula:

• Newman Projection

• Sawhorse Projection

Conformations:

• Ethane

• Butane

• Cyclohexane

Energy Diagram

Stable and unstable forms

1. Compare the reactivity of halogenated hydrocarbons.

2. Write the mechanisms of SN reactions.

3. Design syntheses of organic molecules containing C-X, C-O and C=O.

4. Differentiate between enantiomers and diastereomers.

5. Assign configurations to the stereoisomers.

6. Rationalize the relative stability of different conformers